Page 86 - Mirjam-Theelen-Degradation-of-CIGS-solar-cells
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Chapter 2
2.5.2.1 Summary on grid degradation
Various metal compositions for grids in CIGS solar cells have been exposed to damp
heat conditions. Generally Ni/Al based grids degraded under damp heat. This could
be overcome by placing a nickel top layer (Ni/Al/Ni) or by using nickel only grids.
However, the latter led to mechanical stress in the sample. When silver was used in
(screen-printed) grids, shunting occurred due to the presence of pinholes. Additional -
ly, nickel-silver grids could react with SiN moisture barriers, which can be prevented
x
by the application of a very thin TaN layer.
x
2.6 Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my co-author Felix Daume as well as Heiko Kempa, Lisa Paller,
Andreas Rahm (Solarion), Marius Grundmann (University Leipzig), Miro Zeman (Delft
University of Technology), Nicolas Barreau (IMN UMR Nantes), Dorrit Roosen and
Zeger Vroon (TNO) for the helpful discussions and advice. Furthermore I would like
to thank Ilse Schrauwers (isontwerp.nl) for the design of most images, while Marcel
Verheijen (Philips Innovation Services) and Nicolas Barreau (IMN) are acknowledged
for their contribution to Figure 2.1.
2.7 References
[1] Makrides, G., Zinsser, B., Schubert, M., Georgh- [8] Ermer, J., Fredric, C., Hummel, J., Jensen, C., Pier,
iou, G., Solar Energy 103 (2014) p 28-42 D., Tarrant, D., Mitchell, K., Proc. 21 IEEE PVSC
th
[2] Dhere, N., Kaul A., Pethe, S., Proc. of SPIE Vol. (1990) 595 - 599
8112 (2011) 81120R [9] Tarrant, D., Gay, R., Process R&D for CIS-Based
th
[3] Musikowski, H., Styczynski Z., Proc. 25 EUPVSEC Thin-Film PV (2006) NREL/SR-520-38805
(2010) 3942-3946 [10] Kushiya, K., Kuriyagawa, S., Tazawa, K., Okazawa
th
[4] Del Cueto, J., Rummel, S., Kroposki, B., Oster- T., Tsunoda, M., Proc. 4 WCPSEC (2006) 348-351
rd
wald, C., Anderberg, A., Proc. 33 IEEE PVSC [11] Radue, C., Van Dyk, E., Physica B 404 (2009)
(2008) 1-6 4449–4451
th
[5] Jordan, D., Kurtz, S., Proc. 37 IEEE PVSC (2011) [12] Jordan, D., Kurtz, S., Progress in Photovoltaics:
827-832 Research and Applications 21 (2013) 12–29
[6] Myers, D. (2004) NREL Conference Paper NREL/ [13] Coyle, D., Progress in Photovoltaics: Research
CP-560-36320 and Applications 21(2) (2013) 156-172
[7] Niki, G., Contreras, M., Repins, I., Powalla, M., [14] Osterwald, C., McMahon, T., Progress in Photo-
Kushiya, K., Ishizuka, S., Matsubara, K., Progress voltaics: Research and Applications, 17 (2009)
in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 18 11–33
(2010) 453–466 [15] McMahon, T., Progress in Photovoltaics: Re-
84
2.5.2.1 Summary on grid degradation
Various metal compositions for grids in CIGS solar cells have been exposed to damp
heat conditions. Generally Ni/Al based grids degraded under damp heat. This could
be overcome by placing a nickel top layer (Ni/Al/Ni) or by using nickel only grids.
However, the latter led to mechanical stress in the sample. When silver was used in
(screen-printed) grids, shunting occurred due to the presence of pinholes. Additional -
ly, nickel-silver grids could react with SiN moisture barriers, which can be prevented
x
by the application of a very thin TaN layer.
x
2.6 Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my co-author Felix Daume as well as Heiko Kempa, Lisa Paller,
Andreas Rahm (Solarion), Marius Grundmann (University Leipzig), Miro Zeman (Delft
University of Technology), Nicolas Barreau (IMN UMR Nantes), Dorrit Roosen and
Zeger Vroon (TNO) for the helpful discussions and advice. Furthermore I would like
to thank Ilse Schrauwers (isontwerp.nl) for the design of most images, while Marcel
Verheijen (Philips Innovation Services) and Nicolas Barreau (IMN) are acknowledged
for their contribution to Figure 2.1.
2.7 References
[1] Makrides, G., Zinsser, B., Schubert, M., Georgh- [8] Ermer, J., Fredric, C., Hummel, J., Jensen, C., Pier,
iou, G., Solar Energy 103 (2014) p 28-42 D., Tarrant, D., Mitchell, K., Proc. 21 IEEE PVSC
th
[2] Dhere, N., Kaul A., Pethe, S., Proc. of SPIE Vol. (1990) 595 - 599
8112 (2011) 81120R [9] Tarrant, D., Gay, R., Process R&D for CIS-Based
th
[3] Musikowski, H., Styczynski Z., Proc. 25 EUPVSEC Thin-Film PV (2006) NREL/SR-520-38805
(2010) 3942-3946 [10] Kushiya, K., Kuriyagawa, S., Tazawa, K., Okazawa
th
[4] Del Cueto, J., Rummel, S., Kroposki, B., Oster- T., Tsunoda, M., Proc. 4 WCPSEC (2006) 348-351
rd
wald, C., Anderberg, A., Proc. 33 IEEE PVSC [11] Radue, C., Van Dyk, E., Physica B 404 (2009)
(2008) 1-6 4449–4451
th
[5] Jordan, D., Kurtz, S., Proc. 37 IEEE PVSC (2011) [12] Jordan, D., Kurtz, S., Progress in Photovoltaics:
827-832 Research and Applications 21 (2013) 12–29
[6] Myers, D. (2004) NREL Conference Paper NREL/ [13] Coyle, D., Progress in Photovoltaics: Research
CP-560-36320 and Applications 21(2) (2013) 156-172
[7] Niki, G., Contreras, M., Repins, I., Powalla, M., [14] Osterwald, C., McMahon, T., Progress in Photo-
Kushiya, K., Ishizuka, S., Matsubara, K., Progress voltaics: Research and Applications, 17 (2009)
in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 18 11–33
(2010) 453–466 [15] McMahon, T., Progress in Photovoltaics: Re-
84
